![]() ![]() Persuading people to donate their time is necessary, but, in addition to a small number of people giving a great deal of time, it is also necessary to be able to mobilize large numbers for brief periods. Fund-raising is still necessary, but on a smaller scale and it can serve the symbolic function of strengthening the donors’ identification with the cause. ![]() Campaigning NGOs will carry out much the same functions, but with a different balance between them. Thus, operational NGOs need to possess an efficient headquarters bureaucracy, in addition to the operational staff in the field. Major fund-raising events require skills in advertising, media relations and motivating supporters. Finance obtained from grants or contracts, from governments, foundations or companies, require time and expertise spent on planning, preparing applications, budgeting, accounting and reporting. Students in their vacations or during a break in their education provide labor for projects. Charity shops, staffed by volunteers, in premises provided at nominal rents and selling donated goods, end up providing finance to the national headquarters. This process may require quite complex organization. Operational NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials or volunteer labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs. ![]() This may be interpreted as the choice between small-scale change achieved directly through projects and large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence on the political system. The most common distinction is between operational and campaigning NGOs. We may distinguish different activities, but specific NGOs will often change the balance of the activities they pursue. Much as observers wish to gain greater understanding by defining different categories of NGOs, it is not possible to do so. ![]()
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